キハラハント愛の徒然日記

国連平和維持活動、国際人権法、国際人道法、法の支配、治安部門改革の分野で活動するキハラハント愛のブログです。

東京大学

国際人道法模擬裁判アジア太平洋大会での快挙から

1週間経って今更という気もするのですが…
3月11日から14日まで、
昨年11月に国際人道法日本大会を制したこの東大チームが
日本代表として
国際人道法アジア太平洋大会に出場していました。

法学部でもなく、4月に初めて国際法のクラスに出て来た
3人の学部生。
9月入学なので4月は1年生でしたが、現在2年生です。

国際人道法模擬裁判のアジア太平洋大会は
大変な競争率で、
昨年まで日本代表チームは
準々決勝に進んだのが最高だったそうですが、
今年度の東大チームの強さは
何と言ってもチームワークと好奇心。
何度も練習をする中で
調べれば調べるほどまだまだ調べることもあり、
体系立てて理解していなければ必ずほころびが見えてしまう...
メモリアルを書いている際の議論の筋立てや
オーラルの練習の際のチームの姿勢は、
コメントやサポートをすればするほど
目が輝いて行き、
チームメートの中で誰かが出遅れれば
必ず他のメンバーがそれを補填したり
励ましたりしながら
プレッシャーの中、投げ出すことなく
諦めることなく
着実に前に進んで行くチームでした。

最後の2週間、特に模擬裁判が実際に始まってから
予選通過、準々決勝、準決勝と、
回を重ねるにつけ精度を増す議論と答弁は
コーチとして大変嬉しく
安心してみていられました。

結果は堂々の準優勝
弁論者の個人賞として、
Meiさんが2位、Chrisが3位、
そしてリサーチャーのTimを含めたチームの合作である
メモリアル(Prosecution)が3位という
素晴らしい成績を残しました。 

IHL HK Moot 2021 smallerICRC HK IHL Moot web2枚目の写真は@Red Cross Hong Kong

コーチとしては
メモリアルの段階からサポートし、
オーラルの練習は何度もして、
週末は日本初のマグニツキー法についての大きなシンポジウムと重なったり
家族の病気に付き添ったりもしたので
正直かなり疲弊し、
決勝が終わるころには
何を食べても味がするのは良く分かるのですが
何の味か脳が判断できないという初めての状況にもなりましたが、
それもチームが頑張っている姿を見ているからこそで、
文句なく大変誇らしいです。
準備と大会の過程で
チームがギリギリまで自分たちを追い込んでいき
そんな緊張状態の中でも
チームメートをお互い思いやり
助け合い続けることができたことに、
彼らの限りない可能性を感じるものでもありました。

今後どのような将来を選ぶとしても
目指す方を真っ直ぐに見据えて
諦めることなく進んで行ってほしいと思います。

と同時に、このチームのコーチをできたことは
私にとっても色々と学ぶところが多く、
教えたりコーチしたりすることは
自分も学ぶことなので
とてつもなく楽しいということを再確認するだけでなく、
私も自分で目指してる目標に向かって
諦めることなく進んで行かなければと気持ちを新たにしました。

私の方向性は、その時何をやっていても
確実に見据えているところがあります。
紆余曲折しても、
職や住む環境が変わっても変わらず、
高校生の時に思った疑問から続いています。
それは「どうして私たちはヘンリー8世の多くの奥様のことを学びながら、
戦争で命を落とした何十万人もの人のことは
歴史の教科書1行分で終わらせてしまうのだろう。」ということです。
世界にある、あらゆる不平等、
貧困の問題もそうですが、
私が実際に紛争中・紛争後の国で
人々と話すうちに一番ショックだったのは、
公平であるはずの司法でさえ
やはりお金持ちの人が良い弁護士を雇えれば勝つ可能性が高くなり、
力のある人の理解を得られなければ何も進まず、
弱い立場を搾取される人たちの救済は
かなりの覚悟をした心ある人たちの惜しみない努力によって
やっと達成できることもあるし、
頑張っても頑張っても期待を裏切られることもあるということです。
これを何とかしたいというのが原点で、
国際法(人権法、国際人道法、国際刑法、難民法など)は
私にとってはツールですから、
国連人権高等弁務官事務所で勤務していた際も、
東京大学にいる今も、
目指す方向は同じです。

模擬裁判に向け、限界まで自分たちを追い込んで
見事準優勝したチームをコーチしていて、
そんなことを考えてしまいました。

東京大学チーム、チーム03、
心からおめでとう。
これからの人生を
ぜひ自信を持って進んで行ってほしいと思います。

国際法ハブより国連人権理事会に報告書を提出

一連のコロナ禍により、
脆弱性を持つ人々や団体がより脆弱な立場に置かれているということは
以前に書きました

私がディレクターを務める東京大学の国際法研修・研究ハブに、
国連人権高等弁務官事務所から依頼を受けて、
同事務所を通じて国連人権理事会に、
COVID-19への対応、コロナ対策による影響を和らげるベストプラクティスの例を
調査・報告しています。
アジアの国々について
ハブの学生さんが調査をし、
途中結果をまとめたものを
11月末に国連人権高等弁務官事務所に提出しました。

こちらに内容をアップしてあります。

下記にも掲載します。
ーー

UOTIL Hub's Contributions to UN-OHCHR's report to HRC regarding impact of COVID-19 on Human Rights

By Dr. Ai Kihara-Hunt, with support of the team at International Law Training and Research Hub (UOTIL Hub)

On 5 October 2020, the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN-OHCHR) requested the International Law Training and Research Hub, the University of Tokyo (UOTIL Hub), to make ‘contributions concerning promising/good human rights practices in response to COVID-19 and the recovery’ in Asia, by a letter with a reference number: OHCHR/TESRPRD/DESIB. This request was pursuant to the cooperation agreement between the UN-OHCHR and UOTIL Hub, following the Statement by the President of the Human Rights Council on human rights implications of the COVID-19 pandemic (PRST 43/1) of 29 May 2020.

UOTIL Hub has researched on good practices from the following countries and territories: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. The first phase of research was between June and August 2020, where six student researchers collected information from publicly accessible sources, chiefly information available on the internet. ​In searching for information, UOTIL Hub’s and personal networks of the team were resorted to. Languages used for searching for information are: English, Japanese, Chinese Mandarin, Korean, Nepali, Hindi, and Taiwanese Mandarin. Information on good practice was inserted in a database created by the UN-OHCHR. A total of 129​ entries were recorded in the database during the first phase of research ( (Afghanistan: 2; Bangladesh: 13; Bhutan: 4; Brunei: 2; Cambodia: 5; China: 8; Hong Kong: 4; India: 3; Indonesia: 4; Japan: 10; Laos: 6; Malaysia: 3; Maldives: 4; Mongolia: 4; Nepal: 1; Pakistan: 6; Philippines: 17; Republic of Korea: 2; Singapore: 8; Sri Lanka: 8; Taiwan: 3; Thailand: 7; and Vietnam: 5). In identifying good practices, the UOTIL Hub team used the indicator provided by the UN-OHCHR, as follows: "[e]ffective actions (or sets of actions) which are in compliance with international law, including international human rights norms and standards, contribute to the enjoyment of human rights, demonstrate sustainable results through quantitative and/or qualitative evidence of positive impact, and have the potential to be successfully adapted and replicated in other contexts."

In collecting information, particular attention was paid to the extent to which such practice benefited (a) marginalized or vulnerable group(s).

Preliminary Analysis of Best Practice
It is very apparent that plentiful and diverse actors took action alongside the national and local governments to ease the negative effect of the COVID-19 pandemic itself and related restrictions. Reported actions generally took the form of providing services, either newly-instituted, or an expanded or modified form of an existing practice. Actors include non-governmental organizations, self-help networks, cooperatives, trade unions, academic institutions and youth groups. In particular, it is noteworthy that business entities were very much responsive to the situation. Also noted is the involvement of actors that are more loosely connected than established organizations.

A youth-led volunteers’ network in Nepal may illustrate such a network. Hundreds of self-help groups and volunteers were led by youth, who have spread a series of food bank campaigns throughout the country. The campaign provides free food to the homeless and unemployed persons. Reportedly this network has been supplying food for around 600 people every day in Khula Manch, Kathmandu, for several months.

Most actors appear to have built, or are building their responses on networks that they had had prior to the pandemic. It was also observed that the content of these services are built on the strength the provider had, and expanded on their existing services.

The response of Wishes and Blessings, an NGO in Delhi, India, illustrates this. Prior to the pandemic, the NGO served three meals per day to around 600 underprivileged people in Delhi. Since the onset of the pandemic, they have been serving meals for around 15,000 people in six states through partnerships with multiple NGOs.

This approach of building on existing networks and practices appears to be most appropriate because vulnerability and marginalization of target groups and individuals have multiplied and have become more apparent due to the pandemic, and is rarely triggered by the onset of the pandemic. Newly-created vulnerability applied generally to the public, by the threat of COVID-19 and reduced access to commodities and services, but the situation of already vulnerable people was exacerbated disproportionately, pushing them further into vulnerability. This enabled actors to operate effectively by using their existing networks to reach out to the vulnerable and marginalized people in society. Examples of target groups are foreign workers, asylum seekers, homeless people, unemployed persons, sex workers, rural population, people living in poverty, and victims of domestic and sexual violence. One group that has been facing a new level of vulnerability are medical personnel and people providing services directly related to the pandemic, such as cleaners and security forces, and that good examples exist in supporting this new vulnerable group.

An example of supporting newly-vulnerable groups is assistance in the form of basic supplies to those who work in COVID-19 response is in Shanghai, China, led by a commercial shopping center. Ganhui Center established an 'Unattended Holding Cabinet' in February 2020 for citizens to provide free food and drink for takeaway staff, cleaners and police personnel. The Cabinet is reportedly being widely used.

There have been notable responses in various forms: from protective gears, medicine and medical services, cash, food, information, education, training and business platforms. For example, eVidyaloka, an NGO in India, works in the education sector. It connects volunteer teachers in the world with students in rural areas in India by using a communication programme on the internet, reaching out to underprivileged children, especially girls, who stay home due to COVID-19 restrictions. It supplements students’ learning by delivering textbooks to those children.

An innovative response was seen in the Republic of Korea, particularly in terms of suicide prevention. The Seoul Youth Guarantee Center is an online government-run counseling program for suicide prevention, expanded in a large scale in response to a 36% increase in the number of women who deliberately harmed themselves in the first half of 2020 due to the effect of the pandemic-related restrictions. They more than doubled the original target of 700 counselors and received around 5,000 calls (31.6 percent more than the previous year).

The research team often found information pertaining to certain target groups, such as victims of domestic violence and child abuse, and sex workers. It is unclear whether or not this is because information was more easily available due to the attention given to those groups, following media reports on their situation.

One such example is from the National Network of Sex Workers in India, providing food to families of sex workers in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Jharkhand in India. The Network responds to the needs of sex workers, whose work opportunities have significantly decreased due to the pandemic.

There is also an apparent frequency of responses involving the use of technology and innovative practices. Technologies used range from very high-tech to relatively low-tech, involving computer softwares and mobile phone applications that match needs and demands, creation of digital platforms, information dissemination on the internet space, automatic dispensing machines, and 3D printers.

For example, a specialized software development and servicing company developed a fast digital tea bidding platform for tea in Sri Lanka, making the tea auction safe and secure. By ensuring that the tea market continues to operate amidst COVID-19, the livelihood of almost two million people involved in the tea plantation business were secured. This has had a particularly positive effect on women, who make up most of the primary workforce in tea-picking.

In another example, a Japanese non-governmental organization (NGO) provided cash grants through a mobile phone system to internally displaced persons (IDPs) and repatriated refugees affected by the spread of COVID-19 in Bamiyan, Afghanistan. This unique assistance worked across the border, and the distribution was followed up by monitoring through phone and in-person interviews.

3D printers were used in another example. T​he Hong Kong Polytechnic University​ developed reusable 3D-printed eye visors and face shields for hospitals. These were used by medical workers for protection from COVID-19 infection.

Yet another example responds to exacerbated food insecurity during the pandemic. A businessman in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, invented a ‘Rice ATM’, an always accessible automatic rice dispensing machine to give people access to rice, a basic food staple in Vietnam. Similar machines have reportedly been set up in Hanoi, Hue and Danang provinces in Vietnam.

Many of the effective measures responsive to the particular need of beneficiaries appear to be locally based, or community based, and operated on a small scale. For example, Women Enablers Advocates and Volunteers for Empowering and Responsive Solutions (WEAVER) and the Divisoria Peatland Farmers Association are working in response to specific needs in small communities in Leyte province, the Philippines. They encourage senior citizens to engage in collective subsistence farming.This activity aims not only to secure food sources, but also to open up more livelihood opportunities for the local population by pursuing the replanting crops that have multiple uses.

In similar interventions, materials used can be uniquely local, too. For example, in Cotabato, Philippines, weavers and workers in a cooperative exporting bamboo products have shifted from its ordinary business to making face shields using bamboo frames.

Oftentimes, such interventions were of self-help type, assisting in the identification of specific needs of the group and the preparation of responses that benefit them most effectively. For example, in Taiwan, the first labour union by and for foreign workers has provided tailored assistance to migrant workers. Not only did they distribute medical supplies to migrant fishermen, but also provided legal support and information on human rights-related issues such as the exploitative nature of their work, especially in the time of COVID-19.

As with the above example, where business entities are involved, numerous examples of repurposing economic activities were collected. Amongst them, the example of immediate repurposing by a business corporation making surgical masks during the phase of mask shortage in Japan at the onset of the pandemic, appears to have made a positive impact on the population seeking to protect themselves. Other business corporations followed suit by manufacturing thermometers, thermal cameras, partitions, face shield and masks.

One type of service appeared frequently in the team’s search for good practice, and seems effective and cost-efficient. That is the provision of accessible and understandable information for target groups. One subtype is raising awareness about COVID-19 prevention, necessary measures and treatment, and COVID tests and medical services available. Another subtype is providing information about available services, both public and private, on a range of issues including educational resources, housing and necessary commodities.

An example of such is the use of a digital networking application for accelerated training and recruitment of medical practitioners. Docquity is such an application used in Indonesia. With the cooperation of the Health Ministry, it provided on-line training platforms. Seminars, on-line lectures and training by medical experts were provided to trainees and volunteers. Through the use of this digital network, recipients can update and develop their practical medical knowledge, and boost hospitals’ capacity to deal with COVID-19 patients and related issues. This also accelerated recruitment of volunteer medical practitioners.

The practice of a foundation working on women’s shelters in Taipei city, Taiwan, is also a good example. The Garden of Hope Foundation from the Asian Network of Women's Shelters not only provides services, but also assists survivors of gender-based violence through information on available resources such as shelters.

Conclusion
Preliminary findings indicate that interventions based on existing networks and particular strength of actors, which are locally provided based on the specific situation of target communities effectively assist in protecting vulnerable and marginalized groups. In this time of pandemic, various actors, including different types of civil society groups, self-help networks and business entities, have been innovatively repurposing their responses. It is particularly apparent that technology is being used to tailor services to respond to particular needs and situations of target beneficiaries.

The crowdsourcing research is presently at a stage of checking with organizations and beneficiaries involved to determine the effectiveness and sustainability of the practices identified in the database. Where beneficiaries stories confirm that the service helped ease the vulnerability/marginalization caused by COVID-19 and related restrictions, and where the practice may be transferable to other services, target groups or geographic areas, the research team will recommend sharing and expanding these examples as universal model responses. Further information on these best practices in the region will be collected simultaneously.

[The following student researchers made contribution​s: Amishi Agrawal, Raymond Andaya, Tong Fei, Paul Namkoong Hwa, Dinesh Joshi, and Chihiro Toya. ​Additionally, the author would like to thank Mr. Raymond Andaya for editing this submission.]


ICRC国際人道法模擬裁判 優勝おめでとう!

Screenshot (221)
11月28‐29日の週末に
赤十字国際委員会(ICRC)主催の国際人道法模擬裁判が開催されました。
東京大学のチームは3人のチーム。

4月に初めて国際法を始めた、当時学部1年生、現在2年生のチームです。

3人とも初めての国際法、初めての国際人道法、もちろん模擬裁判も初めての経験です。

毎年模擬裁判に出場する学生さんを見ていると、本当によく頑張るなと感心しますが、この3人の情熱は素晴らしかった...

国際人道法のABCから始まったのに、チームメートがお互いに励まし合って細かく締め切りを設定、
しかもそれが大体守られていた模様です。メモリアルの下書きが書けたのは例年になく早く、
判例を探して来るのも非常にうまかったし、何度も出題されたシナリオと同じ判例を読み直し、
細かいところによく気づき、何より諦めることのない真っすぐな情熱でした。
チームワークが素晴らしく、お互いに気遣える3人は、教えていても、練習に(オンラインで)立ち会っていても、毎回非常に清々しく、新しい判例を見つけて来ては使えそうな議論を組み立てたり、
チームの中で議論が通っているかテストし合ったり、何かを学ぶ仲間というのはこういう仲間が良いなと、羨ましくも思いました。

写真は東大チームの3人、左からChris Clayton, Mei Kanehara,(私:コーチ),
Timothy Massie、優勝した後に撮りました。
(今年はコロナ禍の中のオンライン開催のため、写真撮影以外は常時マスクをし、スピーカーの間にはパーティションを立て、ハンドスプレーとワイプを備えての大会となりました。
感染症対策、wifiの設置などでお手伝いいただきました東京大学の関係者の方々にも、この場をお借りして御礼申しあげます。)
MeiとChrisが同点でBest Mooter賞も受賞しました。

チームの一人一人が物凄い情熱をかけて準備をし、
楽しみながらお互いを支えながら大会に臨む姿勢をずっと見ていたので、
心からおめでとうと祝ってあげたく、誇らしく思います。
熟読したことのなかった判例の内容や、一般的な解釈と違う解釈の可能性など、大会で披露しなかった数々の独自の点がたくさんあり、コーチである私もその都度確認しては驚愕しておりました。

大変説得力のある議論を展開した他のチームの弁論者たち、背後で支えていたコーチ、サポーター、運営の中心を担ったICRCや大学の関係者の皆様、どうもありがとうございました。
東大の運営チームの皆さんも、どうもありがとう。

将来が本当に楽しみな、近いうちに必ず世界の最前線に出ていく3人と、早く同じ舞台で人を救う仕事をしたいです。自分が進みたい方向を見据えて自信を持って羽ばたいて行ってほしいです。

チーム208、優勝おめでとう。

国際人道法模擬裁判アジア大会の結果

2回にわたり延期され、
コロナ禍の中メモリアルのみの選抜となった
国際人道法模擬裁判 アジア大会18th_Preliminary Round Result Announcement (1)の結果が出ました。
日本大会の優勝チームとして、
東京大学のチームも参加しておりました。
メモリアルだけの大会となると
例年と違うチームが準決勝に選ばれた感はあります。

準決勝には進めませんでしたが、
何回も延期され、試験期間中にメモリアルを書き上げて
最後まで参加したことには
大きな意味があると思います。

準決勝まで進んだチーム、おめでとうございます。

コロナウィルス感染防止上の東京大学総合文化研究科・教養学部の対応につきまして

東京大学総合文化研究科・教養学部(駒場キャンパス)ではコロナウィルス感染防止のため、
4月1週目に予定されておりました
私の所属しております「人間の安全保障」プログラムや地域文化研究専攻の新入生ガイダンスを含む
対面ガイダンスの当面の延期が決定されました。
授業も基本的に当面オンラインで行う予定です。
また、対面の課外活動・サークル活動や新入生勧誘の当面の中止、
海外渡航から帰国した教員・学生を含むすべての方々に
帰国後14日間キャンパスに来ることをお控えいただくようお願いしております。

大学では学生を守り、安全を確保した上で
1日も早く通常の教育・研究・交流が再開できるようにしなければなりません。

どうぞご理解とご協力をお願いいたします。


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